Integrated portable spectroscopy for the analysis of Roman mosaics from Marroquíes Altos, Jaén, Spain

Abstract

This study presents an integrated archaeometric analysis of three key Roman mosaics (Tethys, Erotes, and Scrollworks) from the Marroquíes Altos site (Jaén, Spain), currently displayed at the Museum of Jaén. The aim was to enhance their historical value and define their regional features within the Upper Guadalquivir Valley. The innovative, non-destructive methodology integrated systematic photogrammetric digitization with portable spectroscopic techniques (handheld Raman and h-XRF), which was essential as the mosaics are wall-mounted. A large dataset was generated and processed using multivariate statistical analysis (PCA). Results confirmed the use of locally sourced limestone but, crucially, identified the widespread presence and selective use of ironstone (haematite) across two of the three mosaics. This unique finding strongly supports the existence of a distinctive regional practice within the Roman mosaic school of Jaén, setting the local production apart from other Roman mosaics in Europe and advancing a comprehensive understanding of the region’s material culture.