Walnut Shells to Enhance Substrate Sustainability: Effects on Lettuce Yield, Nitrate Accumulation, and Phytochemical Content.

Abstract

Coir is widely used as a soilless substrate yet partially replacing it with walnut shells in coir-based mixes may improve the sustainability of lettuce production and quality. This study evaluated the effect of incorporating walnut shells, with or without biochar, into coir-based substrates on lettuce yield and quality. Lettuce was grown in five substrates: coir (C), three coir–walnut mixes (1:1, 1:0.5, and 1:0.25 v/v), and one coir–walnut–biochar mix (C:W:B, 10:1.5:1 v/v). Increasing the walnut-shell proportion increased the cumulative leaching fraction, likely because of the coarse walnut particles, and reduced head fresh weight. However, shoot dry weight in the 1:0.5 and 1:0.25 mixes was similar to that in coir alone and reduced leaf nitrate content. In contrast, the C:W:B mix maintained head fresh weight (7.1 kg m→2) and shoot dry weight comparable to coir, while markedly lowering leaf nitrate concentration from 4130 to below 200 mg NO3→ kg→1 fresh weight. Leaf nitrate content increased linearly with shoot Zn uptake, suggesting a Zn-mediated control of nitrate accumulation. The coir–walnut–biochar mix emerges as a suitable alternative to pure coir, as it maintains lettuce productivity, reduces leaf nitrate accumulation, enhances anthocyanin content, and reflects more favorable physiological conditions by not requiring a strong activation of antioxidant defenses.